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Thể hiện các mô hình thiết kế bằng ngôn ngữ PlanUML

Chắc hản các bạn không còn lạ lẫm gì với khái niệm ngôn ngữ UML trong quá trình thiết kế phần mềm. Lần đầu tiên được biết đến khi đang làm việc tại Nhật, đó chính là PlanUML. Các bạn có thể tham khảo kỹ hơn tại trang chủ của PlantUML


Diagram

UML được chia làm 2 loại chính đó là biểu đồ thể hiện BehaviorStructural

Behavior

Diagram PlantUML 説明
ユースケース図 Use Case Biểu thị các yêu cầu chức năng
アクティビティ図 Activity Biểu thị trạng thái của tiến trình
ステートチャート図 State Biểu thị trạng của đối tượng
シーケンス図 Sequence Thể hiện quá trình tương tác

Structure

Diagram PlantUML 説明
クラス図 Class Represent a logical view
オブジェクト図 Object Represent a logical view
コンポーネント図 Component Represent component dependencies
パッケージ図 Component Represent package dependencies
配置図 Component Express the physical arrangement of the system

UML

Use Case

Biểu thị các yêu cầu chức năng

keyword usage image
( ) Use Case
-> Relation
.> Extend, Include
@startuml

actor Promoter
actor Entrant

Promoter --> (Create Event)
Promoter -> (Attend Event)

Entrant --> (Find Event)
(Attend Event) <- Entrant

(Attend Event) <.. (Create Member)  : <<include>>

@enduml

usecase_diagram


Activity

Biểu thị trạng thái của tiến trình

keyword usage image
" " activity
(*) -> Start state
-> (*) Exit status
@startuml

(*) --> "Find Event"
"Find Event" -> "Attend Event"

if "Capacity?" then
  ->[ok] "Create Ticket"
else
  -->[full] if "Standby?" then
    ->[ok] "Standby Ticket"
  else
    -->[no] "Cancel Ticket"
    "Cancel Ticket" --> (*)
  endif
endif

"Create Ticket" --> ==show==
"Standby Ticket" --> ==show==
==show== --> "Show Ticket"
"Show Ticket" --> (*)

@enduml

activity_diagram


State

A state machine diagram represents the state of an object.

keyword usage image
[*] -> Start state
-> [*] Exit status
@startuml

[*] --> active

active -right-> inactive : disable
inactive -left-> active  : enable

inactive --> closed  : close
active --> closed  : close

closed --> [*]

@enduml

state_diagram


Sequence

Sequence diagrams represent messages and sequences exchanged between objects

keyword usage image
-> Synchronization message
<-- Synchronous response
->> Asynchronous message
<<-- Asynchronous response
@startuml

actor Entrant

Entrant -> Ticket : Attend Event Request

activate Ticket
Ticket -> Member : Create Member Request

activate Member
Member -> Member : Create Member
Ticket <-- Member : Create Member Response
deactivate Member

Ticket -> Ticket : Create Ticket
Entrant <-- Ticket : Attend Event Response
deactivate Ticket

@enduml

sequence_diagram


Class

Class diagrams represent logical views.

keyword usage image
class Class
+ Public
- Private
# Protected
~ Package
@startuml

class User {
  username
  password
  +sign_in()
}

class Group {
  name
}

class Member {
  roles
}

User .. Member
Group .. Member

@enduml

class_diagram


Object

Object diagrams represent logical views.

keyword usage image
object object
*- Composition
o- Consolidation
@startuml

object User
object Group
object Member

object Event
object Ticket

User . Group
User o.. Member
Group o.. Member

Group o. Event
Event o.. Ticket
Member . Ticket

@enduml

object_diagram


Component

コンポーネント図は、コンポーネントの依存関係を表現します。

keyword usage image
[ ] コンポーネント
@startuml

cloud "Cloud" {
  package "Package" {
    [register]
    frame "frame" {
      [backup]
    }
  }
}

node "Node" {
  database "Database" {
    [store]
  }
  folder "Folder" {
    [File]
  }
}

[register] .. [store] : HTTP
[backup] .. [File] : FTP

@enduml

component_diagram


Common

Note

タイトル・ノート・コメントは共通で使えます。

keyword usage image
title タイトル
note left : 左のノート
note right : 右のノート
' 1行 コメント
/' '/ ブロック コメント
@startuml

title Title

( )
note left : Note

[  ]
note right : Note

' single-line comment

/'
  block comment
'/

@enduml

basic_common


Element

アクターやエンティティなどの要素が使えます。

keyword usage image
actor アクター
agent エージェント
usecase ユースケース
component コンポーネンント
boundary バウンダリー
control コントロール
entity エンティティー
interface インタフェース
@startuml

actor actor
:Actor alias:

agent agent
usecase usecase
component component
boundary boundary
control control
entity entity
interface interface

@enduml

element


Package

フォルダーやノードなどのパッケージが使えます。

keyword usage image
package パッケージ
folder フォルダー
artifact アーティファクト
node ノード
frame フレーム
cloud クラウド
database データベース
storage ストレージ
@startuml

package package
folder folder
artifact artifact
node node
frame frame
cloud cloud
database database
storage storage

@enduml

all_package


Arrow

矢印の向きと配置の位置を指定できます。

keyword usage image
-up->
-down->
-left->
-right->
@startuml

up -up-> right
-right-> down
-down-> left
-left-> up

@enduml

basic_participant


Salt

UML ではありませんが 簡易なウィジェット を表現することができます。

Basic widgets

ボタンやインプットなどを表示します。

@startuml
salt

{
  Just plain text
  [This is my button]
  ()  Unchecked radio
  (X) Checked radio
  []  Unchecked box
  [X] Checked box
  "Enter text here   "
  ^This is a droplist^
}

@enduml

basic_widgets

Tree widget

ツリーの構造を表示します。

@startuml
salt

{
  {T
   + World
   ++ America
   +++ Canada
   +++ USA
   ++++ New York
   ++++ Boston
   +++ Mexico
   ++ Europe
   +++ Italy
   +++ Germany
   ++++ Berlin
   ++ Africa
  }
}

@enduml

tree_widget

Tips

Example

実用的なサンプルとして OAuth のいくつかの図を UML で表現します。 OAuth はRFC 6749の基準ですがGitHubWeb Application Flow を参考にしています。

Component

役割ごとのコンポーネントが、それぞれのノードに配置されています。

@startuml

actor "User"

node "Application" {
  [Client]
}

node "API" {
  [Resource]
}

node "Authentication" {
  [AuthN]
}

node "Authorization" {
  [AuthZ]
}


[User].[Client]
[User]..[AuthN]
[User]..[AuthZ]

[AuthN]..[AuthZ]

[Client]..[AuthN]
[Client]..[AuthZ]
[Client].[Resource]

@enduml

oauth_component

Sequence

ノートやディバイダを工夫するとシーケンスが解りやすくなります。

@startuml

actor User

== Initial ==

User -> Client : Request Client Sign In
note right : GET /user/sign_in

activate Client
Client -> Client : Access Token?

== Authentication ==

Client -> AuthN : Redirect
note right : GET /oauth/authorize
deactivate Client

activate AuthN
AuthN -> AuthN : Current User?
AuthN -> AuthN : Redirect
note right : GET /user/sign_in
User <- AuthN : Response AuthN Sign In
deactivate AuthN

User -> AuthN : Request AuthN Sign In (ID, Pass)

activate AuthN
note right : POST /user/sign_in
AuthN -> AuthN : Redirect
note right : GET /oauth/authorize

== Authorization ==

AuthN -> AuthZ : Redirect
note right : GET /oauth/authorize
deactivate AuthN

activate AuthZ
User <- AuthZ : Response AuthZ Application
deactivate AuthZ

User -> AuthZ : Request AuthZ Application (Allow)
note right : POST /oauth/authorize

activate AuthZ
AuthZ -> AuthZ : Generate Code

Client <- AuthZ : Redirect
note right : GET /callback
deactivate AuthZ

activate Client
Client -> AuthZ : Request Access Token
note right : POST /oauth/access_token

activate AuthZ
AuthZ -> AuthZ : Authorization Code?
AuthZ -> AuthZ : Generate Token

Client <-- AuthZ : Response Access Token
deactivate AuthZ

Client -> Client : Redirect
note right : GET /user/sign_in

Client -> Client : Access Token?

== Resource ==

Client -> Resource : Request User (Access Token)
note right : GET /api/user

activate Resource
Client <-- Resource : Response User
deactivate Resource

== Final ==

Client -> Client : Redirect
note right : GET /

User <- Client : Response Client Sign In
deactivate Client

@enduml

oauth_sequence


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